Against the background of deepening industrial division of labor and global allocation of resource elements, the supply chain has been deeply embedded in every link of China's production and circulation, becoming a key link between the supply side and the demand side. The innovative development of supply chain has also become an important lever to promote the quality and efficiency of the national economy. Internationally, the United States, Britain, the European Union and other developed countries and regions to realize the supply chain in early an irreplaceable important role in economic development, the supply chain from the enterprise micro level rise to national strategy and global governance a macro level, the policy of supply chain as one of the important ways to promote the competitiveness of the industry and economic power, promoting multilateral cooperation strategy tools. The observation and reference of supply chain policies of developed countries and regions can provide useful reference for China to formulate supply chain policies suitable for its national conditions.

The United States is the first developed country to propose and systematically implement the national supply chain strategy. Most of its supply chain policies focus on the supply of key products and materials in important fields such as national defense security, people's livelihood security and international trade. After 2005, the supply chain policy of the United States gradually inclined to maintain the direction of national security. Released in 2012, the United States, the national strategy of the global supply chain security, points out that the global supply chain system is for the us economy and security "crucial assets", and "promote the commodity efficient and safe transport" and "cultivate resilient supply chain" two big strategic target, marks will be its supply chain policy rise to national strategy.

Specifically speaking, the U.S. supply chain policy mainly focuses on four aspects: first, it strengthens the risk assessment and early warning of supply chain security, identifies materials and infrastructure in key areas through the supply chain risk management technology, and strengthens the assessment and early warning of supply chain vulnerability in different areas. The second is to strengthen the elasticity of supply chain, to deal with the risk of external supply chain interruption by retaining appropriate material redundancy, and to introduce a series of measures to improve the elasticity of supply chain in the manufacturing and defense industries. Third, government departments and institutions should be encouraged to carry out necessary legislation on supply chain security to ensure supply chain security from the source. A number of laws concerning supply chain security have been introduced in some subdivided industries. Fourth, strengthen international cooperation on supply chain security and form a framework and agreement on supply chain cooperation with other countries and regions.

The UK regards supply chain as an indispensable key element in the development of its manufacturing industry. Britain vigorously promotes the advanced manufacturing strategy, supply chain policy is an important part of the strategy. In 2015, the UK released the government and industrial action plan to strengthen the UK manufacturing supply chain, marking that the UK will improve the competitiveness of the manufacturing supply chain as a national strategy.

Britain's supply chain policy system is becoming mature and perfect, with targeted policy measures in supply chain collaboration, innovation, financing, elastic security and other aspects. First, we need to promote innovation in the supply chain. In terms of process innovation, we will help the manufacturing industry develop and apply new supply chain production lines, promote collaborative research and development between upstream and downstream enterprises in the supply chain, and support close cooperation between manufacturing consulting service enterprises and manufacturing enterprises. In terms of technological innovation, we will continue to promote the application of digital and intelligent technologies in different links of the supply chain, and realize information sharing between upstream and downstream enterprises through modern information technologies such as the Internet of things and the Internet. Second, strengthen the upstream and downstream of the supply chain in talent recruitment and training cooperation. Supply chain core manufacturing enterprises are encouraged to help small and medium-sized suppliers recruit talents with the help of their brand power, and assist small and medium-sized suppliers to conduct regular staff training, share supply chain training plans and projects, and improve the overall coordination level of the supply chain. Third, provide financing channels for smes in the supply chain to improve the supply chain capital flow. Commercial Banks are required to actively lend to eligible smes and provide guidance on financing for enterprises. Meanwhile, a loan fund is set up to provide supply chain financial services to smes. Fourth, focus on improving the competitiveness of smes in the supply chain. By promoting the cooperation among government departments, original equipment manufacturers and core enterprises in the supply chain, we can provide development opportunities for smes in the supply chain and formulate improvement plans for supply chain performance. At the same time, we will vigorously support industry associations in energy, aviation, automobile, railway and other important industrial fields to establish industry standards, and promote the best enterprise supply chain practices to smes. Fifth, promote supply chain coordination. Industry associations in various industries are encouraged to build platforms for cooperation negotiation and information exchange between upstream and downstream enterprises in the supply chain, and to vigorously promote the exchange and sharing of cross-industry supply chain management experience and best enterprise cases.

The focus of Germany's early supply chain policy was to build a green supply chain oriented by environmental protection and resource conservation in the manufacturing sector to achieve sustainable development of the supply chain. There are four major measures: first, to strengthen the certification of environmental marks, launched the world's first environmental mark certification system "blue angel", the first packaging waste recycling system "green dot" logo, and launched ecological labels in textile, automobile, machinery and other fields. Second, establish an information disclosure system and launch the "German code for sustainable development", which requires enterprises to open their supply chain to the public in terms of energy consumption, resource utilization, greenhouse gas and other toxic gas emissions. Third, government awards will be set up to recognize and support enterprises in pursuing sustainable development and promoting the introduction of environment-friendly products into the market, including automobile manufacturing, construction and textile industries. Fourth, improve the whole life cycle of supply chain supervision. German law clarifies the extended producer responsibility system, requiring producers to be fully responsible for the production, consumption, recycling and ultimately harmless disposal of products, so as to ensure the control of pollution emissions throughout the life cycle of the supply chain.

In recent years, with the wide application of modern information technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data and cloud computing, Germany has also begun to actively promote the intellectualization and informatization of industrial supply chain. The construction of intelligent supply chain has become an important part of German industry 4.0 strategy.

Supply chain policy is also an important means for the eu to promote regional economic development. In the fields of agriculture, manufacturing, logistics, environmental protection and energy, the eu has set up special mechanisms for negotiating and dealing with supply chains, including mandatory administrative directives and leading reports and explanations. The supply chain policy of the eu mainly focuses on two major issues: one is to guarantee the supply chain security of member states in international trade, especially the security of the supply of raw materials, the transport of goods or materials. The European Union and the United States have conducted in-depth cooperation on supply chain security, and also introduced a series of policy documents to member states, which set security requirements for the customs affairs of member states and the import and export trade of enterprises. Second, build a green supply chain to promote sustainable development of regional economy. The eu has enacted a strict and mandatory green supply chain law, which sets strict environmental requirements for the procurement, production, transportation, distribution and recycling of raw materials.

In general, the supply chain policies of developed countries and regions mainly include two aspects. First, we need to build an efficient, coordinated and sustainable supply chain to enhance industrial competitiveness and overall economic strength in key areas. Supply chain policies in the UK and Germany are typical examples. Second, from the perspective of supply chain security, we should actively deal with the impact of various external risk factors on the supply of key products and materials, and guarantee the economic security, people's livelihood and national security of our country or region. The supply chain policy of the United States falls into this category.

Referring to the supply chain policies and practices of developed countries and regions, and considering the current problems of China's supply chain, China should actively improve the operating efficiency and cooperation level of the supply chain, accelerate the construction of appropriate system and mechanism for supply chain development, and optimize the development environment of the supply chain. Foreign countries should strengthen the study of supply chain security, deal with the relationship between promoting the global distribution of supply chain and ensuring supply chain security.

On the one hand, optimize the development environment of supply chain and enhance the competitiveness of supply chain. Supply chain is essentially a concept at the micro level of market operation. Therefore, to improve the level of supply chain development, it is necessary to focus on improving the level of enterprise supply chain management. For our country, the supply chain policy should be to stimulate the market main body involved in the supply chain collaboration motivation as the key point, solve the enterprise want to participate but the problem of insufficient ability and the necessary support, creating a favorable external environment and the necessary conditions for promoting the credit system construction, standard system of supply chain construction and information construction, guide and encourage enterprises to carry out innovative applications of information technology and management technology in supply chain, promote the effective coordination of supply chain.

On the other hand, actively defuse supply chain risks to ensure industrial economic security. Under the background of deepening globalization, enterprises, industries and even countries all embody the characteristics of supply chain competition. With the rise of the global trade protection force, the risk of supply interruption of core components, raw materials and technologies in key fields in China increases, and the risk factors endangering industrial safety and even national security increase. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a long-term mechanism to effectively deal with supply chain risks, accelerate the establishment of supply chain risk warning system, form supply chain interruption emergency mechanism, and actively participate in international cooperation on supply chain security. At the same time, under the premise of deep participation in the global division of labor, we should promote technological innovation in key areas, gradually make up for "weak points", give play to advantages, and enhance the right to speak and initiative in international negotiations.

Source: People's Daily online